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79. 열린사회와 그 적 "The Open Society and Its Enemies" by Karl Popper (1945)

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칼 포퍼의 "열린 사회와 그 적"은 

1945년에 처음 출판된 두 권의 작품이다. 그 책은 전체주의에 대한 비판과 자유민주주의의 방어이다. 포퍼는 열린 사회가 비판적 사고, 법치, 그리고 새로운 증거에 직면하여 변화하려는 의지가 특징이라고 주장한다. 반면에, 폐쇄된 사회는 독단주의, 비판적 사고의 부족, 그리고 변화에 대한 저항이 특징이다.

첫 번째 권에서 포퍼는 플라톤, 헤겔, 마르크스의 작품에 초점을 맞춰 전체주의의 역사적 뿌리를 탐구한다. 그는 이 철학자들이 대중에게 사회에 대한 단일하고 포괄적인 비전을 부과하고자 했던 전체주의 이데올로기의 발전에 지대한 영향을 미쳤다고 주장한다.

두 번째 볼륨에서, 포퍼는 자유 민주주의에 대한 방어와 전체주의에 대한 비판을 제공한다. 그는 전체주의의 상승을 막을 수 있는 유일한 방법은 개인이 자유롭게 자신의 견해를 표현하고, 권력을 가진 사람들을 비판하고, 변화를 일으키기 위해 노력하는 열린 사회를 유지하는 것이라고 주장한다.

"열린 사회와 그 적들"의 영향은 광범위했으며, 많은 사람들이 그것을 20세기 정치 철학에 대한 가장 중요한 작품 중 하나로 간주했다. 포퍼의 전체주의에 대한 비판은 특히 영향력이 있었고, 자유 민주주의에 대한 그의 옹호는 여러 세대의 학자들과 활동가들에게 영감을 주었다.

21세기 사람들을 위해 이 책에서 얻을 수 있는 한 가지 교훈은 비판적 사고와 자유로운 아이디어 교환을 장려하는 열린 사회를 유지하는 것의 중요성이다. 양극화와 편협함이 증가하는 시대에, 열린 마음과 지적 겸손의 가치를 기억하는 것이 필수적이다.

"열린 사회와 그 적"에 대해 더 많이 배우고 싶다면, 포퍼의 "역사주의의 빈곤"과 "추상과 반박"뿐만 아니라 존 스튜어트 밀, 이사야 베를린, 토마스 홉스와 같은 다른 정치 철학자들의 작품이 포함되어 있습니다.

한국어 버전 제목: "개방사회와 그 적들"

칼 포퍼의 "열린 사회와 그 적"은 폐쇄적이고 권위주의적인 사회보다 개방적이고 민주적인 사회의 우월성을 주장하는 정치 철학에서 매우 영향력 있는 작품이다. 그 책은 두 권으로 나뉘며, 각각 여러 장이 있다:

제1권: 플라톤의 주문

1장: 기원의 신화 포퍼는 플라톤이 "공화국"에서 묘사한 이상적인 사회의 아이디어는 억압적인 정권을 정당화하기 위해 역사를 통틀어 사용된 위험한 신화라고 주장한다.

제2장: 전체주의 고대와 현대 포퍼는 고대 아테네와 스파르타의 정치 시스템을 나치 독일과 소련과 같은 현대 전체주의 정권과 비교한다.

3장: 귀족과 사회의 계층화 포퍼는 귀족의 개념과 그것이 어떻게 사회의 계층화로 이어지는지에 대해 논의하며, 부유하고 강력한 사람들이 모든 정치 권력을 쥐고 있다.

4장: 폐쇄된 사회와 그 적 포퍼는 폐쇄된 사회가 개인의 자유를 제한하고 혁신을 억압하기 때문에 본질적으로 위험하고 억압적이라고 주장한다.

5장: 열린 사회와 그 적 포퍼는 열린 사회가 변화하고 적응하려는 의지와 개인의 자유와 민주주의에 대한 존중이 특징이라고 주장한다.

제2권: 예언의 고조: 헤겔, 마르크스, 그리고 여파

6장: 역사주의와 역사주의의 빈곤 포퍼는 역사적 사건이 더 큰 사회적 힘에 의해 결정되며 개인의 행동에 의해 바뀔 수 없다고 주장하는 역사주의의 개념을 비판한다.

7장: 열린 사회와 그 적: 헤겔과 마르크스 포퍼는 둘 다 개인의 자유를 제한하는 폐쇄된 사회의 설립을 옹호하기 때문에 헤겔과 마르크스의 사상이 근본적으로 결함이 있다고 주장한다.

8장: 열린 사회와 그 적: 플라톤 재검토 포퍼는 플라톤의 아이디어로 돌아가며, 그들이 여전히 현대 정치 담론에서 널리 퍼져 있으며 개방적이고 민주적인 사회에 계속 위협이 되고 있다고 주장한다.

전반적으로, 포퍼의 "열은 사회와 그 적"은 권위주의에 대한 강력한 비판과 개방적이고 민주적인 사회의 방어가 핵심이다. 포퍼는 귀족, 전체주의 또는 역사주의에 기반을 둔 폐쇄된 사회는 본질적으로 억압적이고 위험한 반면, 개인의 자유와 민주주의를 중시하는 열린 사회는 모두를 위한 정의롭고 번영하는 사회를 보장하는 유일한 방법이라고 주장한다.

"The Open Society and Its Enemies" by Karl Popper is a two-volume work that was first published in 1945. The book is a critique of totalitarianism and a defense of liberal democracy. Popper argues that open societies are characterized by critical thinking, the rule of law, and a willingness to change in the face of new evidence. On the other hand, closed societies are characterized by dogmatism, a lack of critical thinking, and a resistance to change.

In the first volume, Popper explores the historical roots of totalitarianism, focusing on the work of Plato, Hegel, and Marx. He argues that these philosophers had a profound impact on the development of totalitarian ideologies, which sought to impose a single, all-encompassing vision of society on the masses.

In the second volume, Popper offers a defense of liberal democracy and a critique of totalitarianism. He argues that the only way to prevent the rise of totalitarianism is to maintain an open society in which individuals are free to express their views, criticize those in power, and work to effect change.

The impact of "The Open Society and Its Enemies" has been far-reaching, with many considering it to be one of the most important works on political philosophy of the 20th century. Popper's critique of totalitarianism has been particularly influential, and his defense of liberal democracy has inspired generations of scholars and activists.

One lesson that can be drawn from this book for people in the 21st century is the importance of maintaining an open society that encourages critical thinking and the free exchange of ideas. In an era of growing polarization and intolerance, it is essential to remember the value of open-mindedness and intellectual humility.

If you are interested in learning more about "The Open Society and Its Enemies," some recommended additional reading includes Popper's "The Poverty of Historicism" and "Conjectures and Refutations," as well as works by other political philosophers such as John Stuart Mill, Isaiah Berlin, and Thomas Hobbes.

Korean version title: "개방사회와 그 적들"

 

"The Open Society and Its Enemies" by Karl Popper is a highly influential work in political philosophy that argues for the superiority of open, democratic societies over closed, authoritarian ones. The book is divided into two volumes, each with multiple chapters:

Volume 1: The Spell of Plato

Chapter 1: The Myth of Origin Popper argues that the idea of an ideal society as described by Plato in "The Republic" is a dangerous myth that has been used throughout history to justify oppressive regimes.

Chapter 2: Totalitarianism Ancient and Modern Popper compares the political systems of ancient Athens and Sparta to modern totalitarian regimes, such as Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.

Chapter 3: Aristocracy and the Stratification of Society Popper discusses the idea of aristocracy and how it leads to the stratification of society, with the wealthy and powerful holding all the political power.

Chapter 4: The Closed Society and Its Enemies Popper argues that closed societies are inherently dangerous and oppressive, as they restrict individual freedom and stifle innovation.

Chapter 5: The Open Society and Its Enemies Popper argues that open societies are characterized by their willingness to change and adapt, and by their respect for individual freedom and democracy.

Volume 2: The High Tide of Prophecy: Hegel, Marx, and the Aftermath

Chapter 6: Historicism and the Poverty of Historicism Popper critiques the idea of historicism, which holds that historical events are determined by larger social forces and cannot be changed by individual action.

Chapter 7: The Open Society and Its Enemies: Hegel and Marx Popper argues that the ideas of Hegel and Marx are fundamentally flawed, as they both advocate for the establishment of closed societies that restrict individual freedom.

Chapter 8: The Open Society and Its Enemies: Plato Revisited Popper returns to the ideas of Plato, arguing that they are still prevalent in modern political discourse and that they continue to pose a threat to open, democratic societies.

Overall, Popper's "The Open Society and Its Enemies" is a powerful critique of authoritarianism and a defense of open, democratic societies. Popper argues that closed societies, whether they are based on aristocracy, totalitarianism, or historicism, are inherently oppressive and dangerous, while open societies that value individual freedom and democracy are the only way to ensure a just and prosperous society for all.

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