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77. 정당: 현대 민주주의의 과잉 집권성에 대한 사회학적 연구 "Political Parties and the Oligarchical Tendencies of Democracy"

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로버트 미셸스의 "정치 정당: 현대 민주주의의 과두 정치 경향에 대한 사회학적 연구" (1911)


독일-이탈리아 사회학자인 로버트 미셸스는 1911년에 "정치정당"을 썼고, 이후 정치 사회학의 고전 작품이 되었다. 미셸스는 현대 민주주의의 기능에 필수적인 정당이 필연적으로 본질적으로 과두제적이라고 주장하며, 이는 권력이 당원들에게 분배되기보다는 소수의 당 지도자들의 손에 집중되는 경향이 있다는 것을 의미한다.

책의 첫 번째 부분에서, 미셸스는 막스 베버와 빌프레도 파레토의 작품을 바탕으로 그의 주장의 이론적 기초를 제시한다. 그런 다음 그는 과두제가 정당 내에서 어떻게 운영되는지 설명하기 위해 독일 사회민주당과 이탈리아 사회당을 포함한 역사적 예를 제공한다. 미셸은 또한 당 엘리트의 권력을 유지하는 데 있어 관료주의, 선전 및 이데올로기의 역할을 검토한다.

미셸의 작품이 미래 세대에 미치는 영향은 상당하다. "과두 정치의 철법"에 대한 그의 이론은 널리 논의되어 왔으며 정당과 사회 운동에 대한 연구에 영향을 미쳤다. "과두 정치의 철법"의 개념은 공식적인 민주주의 구조에 관계없이 권력이 소수의 손에 집중되는 경향이 있음을 시사한다. 이 이론은 노동조합, 사회 운동, 심지어 온라인 커뮤니티를 포함한 다양한 맥락에 적용되었다.

21세기의 교훈 측면에서, 미셸의 작품은 오늘날에도 여전히 관련이 있다. 우리가 포퓰리즘의 부상과 소수의 손에 권력의 집중을 계속 목격함에 따라, 정당의 과두제 경향에 대한 미셸의 분석은 현대 정치의 역학을 이해하는 데 유용한 렌즈를 제공한다. 이 책은 또한 미셸이 확인한 과두제 경향에 대응하기 위해 정당 내에서 투명성, 책임성 및 참여의 필요성을 강조한다.

이 주제에 대해 더 읽고 싶은 사람들을 위해, 나는 E.E.의 "당 정부"를 추천하고 싶다. Schattschneider, Alexis de Tocqueville의 "Democracy in America", James Q. Wilson의 "The New American Political System".

제1장: 소개

미셸스는 민주주의의 원칙에도 불구하고, 작은 엘리트들이 필연적으로 정당을 이끌 것이라고 주장한다.
이 현상은 "과두제의 철 법칙"으로 알려져 있다.
미셸은 정당에서 이 현상의 원인과 결과를 조사하고자 한다.

제2장: 리더십의 진화적 형태
미셸스는 정당의 발전과 그들로부터 나오는 과두 정치가 인간 사회의 초기 진화로 거슬러 올라갈 수 있다고 주장한다.
그는 역사를 통틀어 리더십의 발전과 엘리트의 출현을 탐구한다.

제3장: 조직의 과두리적 경향
Michels는 정당을 포함한 조직이 소수의 개인의 손에 권력과 의사 결정이 집중되어 있기 때문에 본질적으로 과두제라고 제안한다.
이러한 권력의 집중은 지배계급이나 엘리트의 출현으로 이어진다.

제4장: 엘리트의 실용적이고 기술적인 우월성
Michels는 정당 내의 엘리트들이 조직에 대한 권력과 통제력을 유지할 수 있는 실용적이고 기술적인 우월성을 가지고 있다고 주장한다.
이러한 우월성은 지식, 경험 및 조직 기술과 같은 요소를 기반으로 한다.

제5장: 민주주의와 과두제
미셸스는 민주주의의 원칙이 정당 내에서 과두제의 출현에 의해 훼손된다고 주장한다.
그는 민주주의가 정당의 과두제 경향에 대한 끊임없는 투쟁을 통해서만 성취될 수 있다고 제안한다.

6장: 이론적 전망
미셸스는 마르크스주의와 생디칼리즘 모델을 포함하여 민주주의와 과두제의 다양한 이론과 모델을 탐구한다.
그는 이 모델들이 민주주의와 과두제의 본질에 대한 통찰력을 제공할 수 있지만, 그 현상을 완전히 설명하지는 못한다고 주장한다.

제7장: 정치 사회학에 대한 비판적 발언
미셸은 사회학 분야와 정당 내에서 과두제 문제를 적절하게 다루지 못한 것에 대한 비판을 제공한다.
그는 사회학자들이 조직 내의 권력 구조에 대한 보다 비판적인 분석에 참여해야 한다고 제안한다.

8장: 결론
Michels는 "과두 정치의 철법"이 정당과 조직의 피할 수 없는 측면이라고 결론지었다.
그는 과두제에 대한 투쟁이 진행 중이어야 하며, 민주주의는 끊임없는 경계와 참여를 통해서만 달성될 수 있다고 제안한다.

 

"Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy" by Robert Michels (1911)

Robert Michels, a German-Italian sociologist, wrote "Political Parties" in 1911, which has since become a classic work in political sociology. Michels argues that political parties, which are essential for the functioning of modern democracies, are inevitably oligarchical in their nature, meaning that power tends to concentrate in the hands of a few party leaders, rather than being distributed among the party members.

In the first part of the book, Michels lays out the theoretical foundations of his argument, drawing on the works of Max Weber and Vilfredo Pareto. He then provides historical examples, including the German Social Democratic Party and the Italian Socialist Party, to illustrate how oligarchy operates within political parties. Michels also examines the role of bureaucracy, propaganda, and ideology in maintaining the power of the party elite.

The impact of Michels' work on future generations is significant. His theory of the "Iron Law of Oligarchy" has been widely debated and has influenced the study of political parties and social movements. The concept of the "Iron Law of Oligarchy" suggests that power tends to concentrate in the hands of a few, regardless of the formal democratic structures in place. This theory has been applied to various contexts, including labor unions, social movements, and even online communities.

In terms of lessons for the 21st century, Michels' work remains relevant today. As we continue to witness the rise of populism and the concentration of power in the hands of a few, Michels' analysis of the oligarchical tendencies of political parties provides a useful lens for understanding the dynamics of contemporary politics. The book also highlights the need for transparency, accountability, and participation within political parties in order to counteract the oligarchical tendencies that Michels identifies.

For those interested in further reading on this topic, I would recommend "Party Government" by E.E. Schattschneider, "Democracy in America" by Alexis de Tocqueville, and "The New American Political System" by James Q. Wilson.

Korean version title: "정당: 현대 민주주의의 과잉 집권성에 대한 사회학적 연구"

 

Chapter 1: Introduction

  • Michels argues that despite the principles of democracy, a small elite will inevitably emerge to lead political parties.
  • This phenomenon is known as the "iron law of oligarchy."
  • Michels seeks to examine the causes and consequences of this phenomenon in political parties.

Chapter 2: The Evolutionary Forms of Leadership

  • Michels argues that the development of political parties and the oligarchy that emerges from them can be traced back to the early evolution of human societies.
  • He explores the development of leadership and the emergence of elites throughout history.

Chapter 3: The Oligarchical Tendencies of Organization

  • Michels suggests that organizations, including political parties, are inherently oligarchical due to the concentration of power and decision-making in the hands of a few individuals.
  • This concentration of power leads to the emergence of a ruling class or elite.

Chapter 4: The Practical and Technical Superiority of the Elite

  • Michels asserts that the elite within political parties have a practical and technical superiority that allows them to maintain their power and control over the organization.
  • This superiority is based on factors such as knowledge, experience, and organizational skills.

Chapter 5: Democracy and Oligarchy

  • Michels argues that the principles of democracy are undermined by the emergence of an oligarchy within political parties.
  • He suggests that democracy can only be achieved through the constant struggle against the oligarchical tendencies of political parties.

Chapter 6: Theoretical Outlook

  • Michels explores various theories and models of democracy and oligarchy, including Marxist and syndicalist models.
  • He argues that while these models may provide insights into the nature of democracy and oligarchy, they do not fully explain the phenomenon.

Chapter 7: Critical Remarks on the Sociology of Politics

  • Michels offers a critique of the discipline of sociology and its failure to adequately address the issue of oligarchy within political parties.
  • He suggests that sociologists must engage in a more critical analysis of power structures within organizations.

Chapter 8: Conclusion

  • Michels concludes that the "iron law of oligarchy" is an unavoidable aspect of political parties and organizations.
  • He suggests that the struggle against oligarchy must be an ongoing one, and that democracy can only be achieved through constant vigilance and participation.
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