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74. 과학혁명의 구조 "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" by Thomas Kuhn (1962)

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과학혁명의 구조

"과학 혁명의 구조"는 토마스 쿤이 쓰고 1962년에 출판된 과학 철학의 획기적인 책이다. 이 책의 핵심 아이디어는 과학적 진보가 지식의 선형 축적이 아니라 지배적인 과학적 세계관이 새로운 세계에 의해 전복되는 일련의 혁명이나 패러다임 변화라는 것이다.

쿤은 과학 연구가 패러다임으로 알려진 일련의 가정과 신념 내에서 수행된다고 주장한다. 패러다임은 과학자들에게 세상을 이해하기 위한 틀을 제공하고, 그들이 수행하는 연구를 안내한다. 그러나, 과학자들이 패러다임 내에서 일함에 따라, 그들은 필연적으로 변칙이나 패러다임의 틀에 맞지 않는 발견에 직면한다. 이러한 이상은 시간이 지남에 따라 축적되어 결국 패러다임이 더 이상 증거를 설명할 수 없는 과학계 내의 위기로 이어진다.

이 시점에서 다른 세계관이나 일련의 가정을 가진 과학자 그룹이 제안한 새로운 패러다임이 등장한다. 이 새로운 패러다임은 오래된 패러다임을 대체하는 과학계 내에서 지배적인 견해가 된다.

쿤의 책은 과학 철학에 상당한 영향을 미쳤고, 많은 토론과 토론의 주제였다. 21세기의 한 가지 핵심 교훈은 과학적 진보가 항상 선형적이고 예측 가능한 것은 아니지만, 종종 예상치 못한 발견과 패러다임 변화에 의해 주도된다는 것이다. 이 책은 또한 확립된 신념과 가정에 의문을 제기하고, 세상을 이해하는 새로운 방법에 개방하는 것의 중요성을 강조한다.

이 주제를 더 탐구하는 데 관심이 있는 사람들을 위해, 몇 가지 권장 읽기에는 Steve Fuller의 "The Kuhnian Revolution", Gary Gutting이 편집한 "Paradigms and Revolutions: Applications and Appraisals of Thomas Kuhn's Philosophy of Science", 그리고 Robert J.가 편집한 "Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions at Fifty: Reflect 리차드와 로레인 다스턴.

제1장: 소개: 역사의 역할

쿤은 과학 혁명의 개념을 소개하고 그것이 과학적 진보의 근본적인 부분이라고 주장한다.

제2장: 정상적인 과학으로 가는 길

쿤은 과학자들이 패러다임 내에서 작동하고 그 틀 내에서 퍼즐을 푸는 정상적인 과학 단계에 대해 논의한다.

제3장: 정상 과학의 본질

쿤은 정상적인 과학 단계에 대해 더 자세히 설명하며, 패러다임 내에서 설명할 수 없는 이상과 이상이 어떻게 과학적 위기로 이어질 수 있는지 논의한다.

제4장: 퍼즐 해결으로서의 정상적인 과학

쿤은 정상적인 과학이 어떻게 퍼즐 해결 과정과 그 퍼즐을 풀기 위한 "툴킷"의 개발을 포함하는지 설명한다.

제5장: 패러다임의 우선순위

쿤은 과학 기업을 형성하는 데 있어 패러다임의 중요성과 패러다임 내의 과학자들이 어떻게 공통의 가정을 공유하는지 강조한다.

제6장: 변칙과 과학적 발견의 출현

쿤은 패러다임 내에서 설명할 수 없는 이상이 어떻게 새로운 발견의 출현과 새로운 패러다임의 공식화로 이어질 수 있는지에 대해 논의한다.

제7장: 위기와 과학 이론의 출현

쿤은 과학계 내의 위기가 새로운 과학 이론과 패러다임의 출현으로 이어질 수 있다고 주장한다.

8장: 위기에 대한 대응

쿤은 과학자들이 현재의 패러다임과 변칙을 조화시키려고 시도하거나 새로운 패러다임을 제안함으로써 위기에 어떻게 대응하는지 설명한다.

9장: 과학 혁명의 본질과 필요성

쿤은 과학 혁명의 과정과 그들이 어떻게 과학적 기업을 근본적으로 변화시키는지에 대해 논의한다.

10장: 세계관에 대한 변화로서의 혁명

쿤은 과학 혁명이 특정 분야의 과학자들의 세계관에 근본적인 변화를 수반하는 방법을 강조한다.

11장: 혁명의 보이지 않음

쿤은 과학 혁명이 종종 특정 패러다임 내에서 작동하는 과학자들에게 보이지 않지만, 새로운 패러다임의 관점에서 볼 때 분명해진다고 설명한다.

12장: 혁명의 해결

쿤은 과학 혁명이 어떻게 해결되고 새로운 패러다임이 과학계 내에서 어떻게 받아들여지는지에 대해 논의한다.

13장: 혁명을 통한 진보

쿤은 과학적 진보가 지식의 꾸준한 축적이 아니라 일련의 혁명과 패러다임의 변화라고 주장함으로써 이 책을 결론지었다.

 

어떻게 이 책이 20세기 정치학 필독서인가?

토마스 쿤의 "과학 혁명의 구조"는 과학 철학뿐만 아니라 정치 과학을 포함한 사회 과학에도 상당한 영향을 미친 책이다. 쿤의 핵심 아이디어는 과학적 진보가 확립된 진리의 고정된 몸에 새로운 지식을 추가하는 선형적이고 누적적인 과정이 아니라 오히려 세상을 생각하고 보는 새로운 방식이 등장하여 오래된 것을 대체하는 불연속적이고 패러다임이 변화하는 과정이라는 것이다.

이 핵심 아이디어는 정치학에 중요한 영향을 미친다. 쿤의 아이디어가 정치학에 적용된 주요 방법 중 하나는 정치적 변화에 대한 연구이다. 쿤의 패러다임 변화에 대한 개념은 한때 지배적이었던 특정 정치적 아이디어나 관행이 갑자기 합법성을 잃고 새로운 아이디어나 관행으로 대체될 수 있는 이유를 설명하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다. 예를 들어, 쿤의 아이디어는 봉건제에서 자본주의로의 전환, 현대 국가 체제의 출현, 민주주의 정권의 진화를 분석하는 데 사용되었다.

게다가, 쿤의 아이디어는 정치적 결과를 형성하는 데 있어 과학과 기술의 역할을 탐구하는 데에도 사용되었다. 쿤은 과학이 중립적이고 객관적인 기업이 아니라 사회적, 역사적 요인에 의해 형성된다고 주장한다. 이것은 과학적 지식이 이데올로기나 정치로부터 자유롭지 않고 대신 그들에 의해 형성된다는 것을 의미한다. 쿤의 아이디어는 과학과 기술이 특정 정치 체제나 정책을 합법화하거나 도전하는 데 어떻게 사용되었는지 탐구하는 데 사용되었다.

마지막으로, 쿤의 아이디어는 정치 연구와 이론 구축의 역학을 분석하는 데에도 사용되었다. 쿤은 과학 연구가 순전히 객관적인 과정이 아니라 연구자들이 운영하는 패러다임이나 틀에 의해 형성된다고 주장한다. 이것은 다른 정치 과학자들이 근본적인 가정과 신념에 따라 매우 다른 방식으로 동일한 정치 현상을 볼 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 쿤의 아이디어는 정치학 내에서 접근 방식의 다양성을 탐구하고 정치를 공부하는 단일하고 올바른 방법이 있다는 개념에 도전하는 데 사용되어 왔다.

요약하자면, "과학 혁명의 구조"는 과학 철학에 관한 책이지만, 핵심 아이디어는 정치학에 중요한 영향을 미친다. 쿤의 패러다임 변화에 대한 개념은 정치적 변화를 설명하는 데 도움이 될 수 있으며, 과학 기술의 역할에 대한 그의 아이디어는 정치와 지식의 관계를 밝힐 수 있으며, 연구의 역학에 대한 그의 아이디어는 정치학 내의 접근 방식의 다양성을 이해하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다.

 

"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions"

is a landmark book in the philosophy of science, written by Thomas Kuhn and published in 1962. The book's core idea is that scientific progress is not a linear accumulation of knowledge, but rather a series of revolutions or paradigm shifts, in which the dominant scientific worldview is overthrown by a new one.

Kuhn argues that scientific research is carried out within a set of assumptions and beliefs, known as a paradigm. The paradigm provides scientists with a framework for understanding the world, and guides the research they undertake. However, as scientists work within the paradigm, they inevitably encounter anomalies, or findings that do not fit within the paradigm's framework. These anomalies accumulate over time, eventually leading to a crisis within the scientific community, in which the paradigm is no longer able to explain the evidence.

It is at this point that a new paradigm emerges, proposed by a group of scientists who have a different worldview or set of assumptions. This new paradigm then becomes the dominant view within the scientific community, replacing the old paradigm.

Kuhn's book has had a significant impact on the philosophy of science, and has been the subject of much debate and discussion. One key lesson for the 21st century is that scientific progress is not always linear and predictable, but is often driven by unexpected discoveries and paradigm shifts. The book also emphasizes the importance of questioning established beliefs and assumptions, and being open to new ways of understanding the world.

For those interested in exploring the topic further, some recommended readings include "The Kuhnian Revolution" by Steve Fuller, "Paradigms and Revolutions: Applications and Appraisals of Thomas Kuhn's Philosophy of Science" edited by Gary Gutting, and "Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions at Fifty: Reflections on a Science Classic" edited by Robert J. Richards and Lorraine Daston.

Korean version title: 과학혁명의 구조

 

Chapter 1: Introduction: A Role for History

  • Kuhn introduces the concept of scientific revolutions and argues that they are a fundamental part of scientific progress.

Chapter 2: The Route to Normal Science

  • Kuhn discusses the normal science phase in which scientists operate within a paradigm and solve puzzles within that framework.

Chapter 3: The Nature of Normal Science

  • Kuhn further elaborates on the normal science phase, discussing how anomalies and anomalies that cannot be explained within the paradigm can lead to scientific crises.

Chapter 4: Normal Science as Puzzle-Solving

  • Kuhn explains how normal science involves the process of puzzle-solving and the development of "toolkits" to solve those puzzles.

Chapter 5: The Priority of Paradigms

  • Kuhn emphasizes the importance of paradigms in shaping the scientific enterprise and how scientists within a paradigm share a common set of assumptions.

Chapter 6: Anomaly and the Emergence of Scientific Discoveries

  • Kuhn discusses how anomalies that cannot be explained within the paradigm can lead to the emergence of new discoveries and the formulation of a new paradigm.

Chapter 7: Crisis and the Emergence of Scientific Theories

  • Kuhn argues that crises within the scientific community can lead to the emergence of new scientific theories and paradigms.

Chapter 8: The Response to Crisis

  • Kuhn describes how scientists respond to crises by either attempting to reconcile the anomalies with the current paradigm or by proposing a new paradigm.

Chapter 9: The Nature and Necessity of Scientific Revolutions

  • Kuhn discusses the process of scientific revolutions and how they fundamentally alter the scientific enterprise.

Chapter 10: Revolutions as Changes of World View

  • Kuhn emphasizes how scientific revolutions involve a fundamental shift in the world view of scientists within a particular field.

Chapter 11: The Invisibility of Revolutions

  • Kuhn explains how scientific revolutions are often invisible to scientists operating within a particular paradigm, but become apparent when viewed from the perspective of the new paradigm.

Chapter 12: The Resolution of Revolutions

  • Kuhn discusses how scientific revolutions are resolved and how new paradigms become accepted within the scientific community.

Chapter 13: Progress through Revolutions

  • Kuhn concludes the book by arguing that scientific progress is not a steady accumulation of knowledge, but rather a series of revolutions and paradigm shifts.

 

"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" by Thomas Kuhn

is a book that has had a significant impact not only on the philosophy of science but also on the social sciences, including political science. Kuhn's core idea is that scientific progress is not a linear, cumulative process of adding new knowledge to a fixed body of established truth but rather a discontinuous, paradigm-shifting process in which new ways of thinking and seeing the world emerge, supplanting old ones.

This core idea has important implications for political science. One of the main ways in which Kuhn's ideas have been applied to political science is in the study of political change. Kuhn's notion of paradigm shifts can help explain why certain political ideas or practices that were once dominant can suddenly lose their legitimacy and be replaced by new ideas or practices. For example, Kuhn's ideas have been used to analyze the transition from feudalism to capitalism, the emergence of the modern state system, and the evolution of democratic regimes.

Moreover, Kuhn's ideas have also been used to explore the role of science and technology in shaping political outcomes. Kuhn argues that science is not a neutral, objective enterprise but is instead shaped by social and historical factors. This means that scientific knowledge is not free from ideology or politics but is instead shaped by them. Kuhn's ideas have been used to explore how science and technology have been used to legitimize certain political regimes or policies, or to challenge them.

Finally, Kuhn's ideas have also been used to analyze the dynamics of political research and theory-building. Kuhn argues that scientific research is not a purely objective process but is instead shaped by the paradigms or frameworks within which researchers operate. This means that different political scientists may see the same political phenomena in very different ways, depending on their underlying assumptions and beliefs. Kuhn's ideas have been used to explore the diversity of approaches within political science and to challenge the notion that there is a single, correct way of studying politics.

In summary, while "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" is a book about the philosophy of science, its core ideas have important implications for political science. Kuhn's notion of paradigm shifts can help explain political change, his ideas about the role of science and technology can shed light on the relationship between politics and knowledge, and his ideas about the dynamics of research can help us understand the diversity of approaches within political science.

 

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